Acute chest syndrome is a complication of sickle cell disease that happens when sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels in the lungs and decrease blood flow.
About half of people with sickle cell disease will get acute chest syndrome at least once in their lives. This condition is a medical emergency and may be life-threatening. Acute chest syndrome needs immediate treatment at the hospital.
Sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the flow of blood through small blood vessels.
Signs and symptoms of acute chest syndrome include:
Seek care at your local hospital emergency room if your child has symptoms of acute chest syndrome.
Acute chest syndrome can happen when sickled red blood cells block small blood vessels in the lungs. This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the lungs and can make it hard to breathe. The cause of acute chest syndrome is not fully known but it can be associated with certain risk factors or triggers.
Risk factors for acute chest syndrome include:
In children, acute chest syndrome is commonly triggered by viral infections. In adults, the presentation is usually more severe.
Early diagnosis of acute chest syndrome is critical. A health care provider will do a physical exam including checking for fever, listening to the lungs, and doing a pain assessment.
Tests may include:
Your child may have different tests based on their symptoms and medical needs.
Treatments for acute chest syndrome may include:
If your child is in bed, the care team will have your child get out of bed as much as possible. Sitting up, moving around, and walking as your child is able helps the lungs recover. It also helps prevent blood clots.
Your child may be asked to use a device to help them breathe deeply. This device is called an incentive spirometer. It will help the lungs work better and lower the chance of a lung infection.
Even with proper treatment of acute chest syndrome, your child can have another episode in the future.
It is not always possible to prevent acute chest syndrome, but there are things you can do to reduce your child’s risk. Talk with your health care team about steps you can take. Recommendations may include:
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Reviewed: July 2024
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