Cholesterol

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What is cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance made by the liver. It is also in foods that come from animals, like meat, dairy, eggs, and cheese. The body needs some cholesterol to make cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D. Having too much cholesterol in your blood can cause your blood vessels to become blocked and lead to health problems, like heart attack and stroke.

Types of cholesterol

Cholesterol moves through your body as particles called lipoproteins. The two main kinds of lipoprotein particles are low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

LDL cholesterol is the bad cholesterol that blocks your arteries.
HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol. It helps keep LDL levels low by carrying cholesterol away from the arteries.
Triglycerides are another type of fat in the body. If you eat more calories than you need, the calories your body does not use are stored as triglycerides in fat cells. Triglycerides can also come from foods that you eat.

High LDL (bad) cholesterol and low HDL (good) cholesterol along with high triglycerides increase your risk for heart attack and stroke. Lifestyle changes including physical activity, healthy eating, and not smoking can help you manage your cholesterol. Some people may also need cholesterol-lowering medicines.

Healthy blood cholesterol levels

A lab test can measure the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood. This is sometimes called a lipid profile or lipid panel.

In general, aim for these numbers:

Total cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL
HDL (good cholesterol): More than 40 mg/dL
LDL (bad cholesterol): Less than 100 mg/dL
Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

Physical activity to improve cholesterol levels

Exercise will lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (bad cholesterol) while increasing HDL (good cholesterol). Try to be active for at least 30 minutes a day. Aim for 60 minutes per day if you are trying to lose weight. Choose an activity that you enjoy and can do for 10 minutes several times per day. For example, take three 10-minute brisk walks per day to add up to 30 minutes.

Healthy eating to improve cholesterol levels

Healthy diet changes can help you manage cholesterol levels. These include:

Limit saturated fats and trans fats. These fats are found in foods such as pre-packaged snack foods, commercially baked goods, fried foods, butter, stick margarine, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and shortening.
Add Omega-3 fatty acids to your diet. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in canola oil, flaxseed, chia seeds, walnuts, and cold-water fatty fish, such as salmon or tuna.
Add fiber to your diet. Aim for 20 to 30 grams (g) of fiber per day by increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Examples of whole grains are whole wheat bread, whole grain pasta, and brown rice.
Eat more plant-based foods instead of animal-based foods. Fiber found in vegetables, beans, grains, and nuts will help keep cholesterol levels in a normal range.
Read food packaging and labels. Look for these key terms:
- Can help lower cholesterol
- Low fat
- Low in saturated fat
- High in fiber
Bake, grill, broil, or steam foods instead of frying to lower the amount of fat.
Switch from whole milk and whole fat dairy products to 2% or skim milk and low-fat dairy products.

Foods to eat and foods to avoid for better cholesterol

Food group	Foods to eat	Foods to avoid or limit
Protein	Lean meats such as turkey, chicken, pork, and lean cuts of beef Fish Egg whites Egg substitute Nuts Beans Soy or tofu	High-fat cuts of beef or pork Fried meats or fish Hot dogs, cold cuts, lunch meat Bacon Sausage Egg yolks
Grains	Brown rice Whole grain bread, cereal, or pasta Air popped popcorn	White rice White or processed bread, cereal, or pasta Popcorn cooked in butter Chips Fried or high-fat baked goods
Vegetables	Fresh, frozen, or low-sodium or rinsed canned vegetables	Fried vegetables Vegetables with added fat such as butter, cream, or gravy
Fruit	Canned, fresh, dried, or frozen fruit (without added sugar)	Desserts or fried foods with fruit filling Fruits with added fat or sugar
Fats	Canola, corn, or olive oil Vegetable oil spreads Low-fat mayonnaise Low-fat salad dressing	Butter, lard, shortening, or margarine Mayonnaise Salad dressing
Dairy	Skim or 1% milk Low-fat cheese Low-fat yogurt Sherbet Low-fat frozen yogurt	Whole fat milk Whole fat cheese Whole fat yogurt Cream or half and half Ice cream Sour cream

To help lower your risk for heart disease and stroke, eat a healthy diet including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit foods and drinks with added sugars, saturated fat, or trans fat. Watch the salt in your diet and try to keep sodium to less than 2300 milligrams (mg) per day.

Key Points

Cholesterol is made in the liver and found in meat, dairy, eggs, and cheese.
Types of cholesterol include HDL (good cholesterol) and LDL (bad cholesterol).
Low HDL, high LDL, and high triglycerides can lead to health problems including heart attack and stroke.
Healthy eating and physical activity can improve cholesterol.

Find more information on cholesterol

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Reviewed: September 2022